FM / technical

/usr/share/doc/git/technical

Name	Size	Mode	Actions
api-error-handling.html	22259	0644	edit dl rm
api-error-handling.txt	3818	0644	edit dl rm
api-index-skel.txt	432	0644	edit dl rm
api-index.html	17183	0644	edit dl rm
api-index.sh	611	0644	edit dl rm
api-index.txt	648	0644	edit dl rm
api-merge.html	18305	0644	edit dl rm
api-merge.txt	1090	0644	edit dl rm
api-parse-options.html	36657	0644	edit dl rm
api-parse-options.txt	13157	0644	edit dl rm
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bundle-uri.html	51387	0644	edit dl rm
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long-running-process-protocol.txt	1929	0644	edit dl rm
multi-pack-index.html	22462	0644	edit dl rm
multi-pack-index.txt	4459	0644	edit dl rm
pack-heuristics.html	43594	0644	edit dl rm
pack-heuristics.txt	18040	0644	edit dl rm
packfile-uri.txt	3748	0644	edit dl rm
parallel-checkout.html	31715	0644	edit dl rm
parallel-checkout.txt	12301	0644	edit dl rm
partial-clone.html	36496	0644	edit dl rm
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racy-git.html	27995	0644	edit dl rm
racy-git.txt	9121	0644	edit dl rm
reftable.html	73792	0644	edit dl rm
reftable.txt	37525	0644	edit dl rm
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repository-version.txt	4311	0644	edit dl rm
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scalar.html	20458	0644	edit dl rm
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sparse-checkout.txt	47499	0644	edit dl rm
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trivial-merge.html	22273	0644	edit dl rm
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<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Multi-Pack-Index (MIDX) Design Notes</h1>
<span id="revdate"></span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The Git object directory contains a <em>pack</em> directory containing
packfiles (with suffix ".pack") and pack-indexes (with suffix
".idx"). The pack-indexes provide a way to lookup objects and
navigate to their offset within the pack, but these must come
in pairs with the packfiles. This pairing depends on the file
names, as the pack-index differs only in suffix with its pack-
file. While the pack-indexes provide fast lookup per packfile,
this performance degrades as the number of packfiles increases,
because abbreviations need to inspect every packfile and we are
more likely to have a miss on our most-recently-used packfile.
For some large repositories, repacking into a single packfile
is not feasible due to storage space or excessive repack times.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The multi-pack-index (MIDX for short) stores a list of objects
and their offsets into multiple packfiles. It contains:</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
A list of packfile names.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
A sorted list of object IDs.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
A list of metadata for the ith object ID including:
</p>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
A value j referring to the jth packfile.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
An offset within the jth packfile for the object.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If large offsets are required, we use another list of large
  offsets similar to version 2 pack-indexes.
</p>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
An optional list of objects in pseudo-pack order (used with MIDX bitmaps).
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Thus, we can provide O(log N) lookup time for any number
of packfiles.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_design_details">Design Details</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The MIDX is stored in a file named <em>multi-pack-index</em> in the
  .git/objects/pack directory. This could be stored in the pack
  directory of an alternate. It refers only to packfiles in that
  same directory.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The core.multiPackIndex config setting must be on (which is the
  default) to consume MIDX files.  Setting it to <code>false</code> prevents
  Git from reading a MIDX file, even if one exists.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The file format includes parameters for the object ID hash
  function, so a future change of hash algorithm does not require
  a change in format.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The MIDX keeps only one record per object ID. If an object appears
  in multiple packfiles, then the MIDX selects the copy in the
  preferred packfile, otherwise selecting from the most-recently
  modified packfile.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If there exist packfiles in the pack directory not registered in
  the MIDX, then those packfiles are loaded into the <code>packed_git</code>
  list and <code>packed_git_mru</code> cache.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The pack-indexes (.idx files) remain in the pack directory so we
  can delete the MIDX file, set core.midx to false, or downgrade
  without any loss of information.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
The MIDX file format uses a chunk-based approach (similar to the
  commit-graph file) that allows optional data to be added.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_future_work">Future Work</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
The multi-pack-index allows many packfiles, especially in a context
  where repacking is expensive (such as a very large repo), or
  unexpected maintenance time is unacceptable (such as a high-demand
  build machine). However, the multi-pack-index needs to be rewritten
  in full every time. We can extend the format to be incremental, so
  writes are fast. By storing a small "tip" multi-pack-index that
  points to large "base" MIDX files, we can keep writes fast while
  still reducing the number of binary searches required for object
  lookups.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
If the multi-pack-index is extended to store a "stable object order"
  (a function Order(hash) = integer that is constant for a given hash,
  even as the multi-pack-index is updated) then MIDX bitmaps could be
  updated independently of the MIDX.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Packfiles can be marked as "special" using empty files that share
  the initial name but replace ".pack" with ".keep" or ".promisor".
  We can add an optional chunk of data to the multi-pack-index that
  records flags of information about the packfiles. This allows new
  states, such as <em>repacked</em> or <em>redeltified</em>, that can help with
  pack maintenance in a multi-pack environment. It may also be
  helpful to organize packfiles by object type (commit, tree, blob,
  etc.) and use this metadata to help that maintenance.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_related_links">Related Links</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>[0] <a href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/git/issues/detail?id=6">https://bugs.chromium.org/p/git/issues/detail?id=6</a>
    Chromium work item for: Multi-Pack Index (MIDX)</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>[1] <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/20180107181459.222909-1-dstolee@microsoft.com/">https://lore.kernel.org/git/20180107181459.222909-1-dstolee@microsoft.com/</a>
    An earlier RFC for the multi-pack-index feature</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>[2] <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/alpine.DEB.2.20.1803091557510.23109@alexmv-linux/">https://lore.kernel.org/git/alpine.DEB.2.20.1803091557510.23109@alexmv-linux/</a>
    Git Merge 2018 Contributor&#8217;s summit notes (includes discussion of MIDX)</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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 2025-06-13 22:14:31 UTC
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