FM / git

/usr/share/doc/git

Name	Size	Mode	Actions
contrib/	-	0755	rm
howto/	-	0755	rm
RelNotes/	-	0755	rm
technical/	-	0755	rm
blame-options.txt	6001	0644	edit dl rm
cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt	1294	0644	edit dl rm
cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt	746	0644	edit dl rm
cmds-developerinterfaces.txt	678	0644	edit dl rm
cmds-foreignscminterface.txt	399	0644	edit dl rm
cmds-guide.txt	833	0644	edit dl rm
cmds-mainporcelain.txt	3033	0644	edit dl rm
cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt	1539	0644	edit dl rm
cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt	1410	0644	edit dl rm
cmds-purehelpers.txt	1268	0644	edit dl rm
cmds-synchelpers.txt	449	0644	edit dl rm
cmds-synchingrepositories.txt	397	0644	edit dl rm
cmds-userinterfaces.txt	507	0644	edit dl rm
CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md	5989	0644	edit dl rm
config.txt	18001	0644	edit dl rm
date-formats.txt	1172	0644	edit dl rm
diff-format.txt	6573	0644	edit dl rm
diff-generate-patch.txt	7253	0644	edit dl rm
diff-options.txt	32436	0644	edit dl rm
docbook-xsl.css	4557	0644	edit dl rm
everyday.html	16996	0644	edit dl rm
fetch-options.txt	12281	0644	edit dl rm
fsck-msgids.txt	4197	0644	edit dl rm
git-add.html	40369	0644	edit dl rm
git-add.txt	16164	0644	edit dl rm
git-am.html	33161	0644	edit dl rm
git-am.txt	9317	0644	edit dl rm
git-annotate.html	28391	0644	edit dl rm
git-annotate.txt	771	0644	edit dl rm
git-apply.html	33407	0644	edit dl rm
git-apply.txt	10950	0644	edit dl rm
git-archive.html	29856	0644	edit dl rm
git-archive.txt	8491	0644	edit dl rm
git-bisect-lk2009.html	81243	0644	edit dl rm
git-bisect-lk2009.txt	49694	0644	edit dl rm
git-bisect.html	40572	0644	edit dl rm
git-bisect.txt	17905	0644	edit dl rm
git-blame.html	42501	0644	edit dl rm
git-blame.txt	8732	0644	edit dl rm
git-branch.html	48253	0644	edit dl rm
git-branch.txt	15748	0644	edit dl rm
git-bugreport.html	20509	0644	edit dl rm
git-bugreport.txt	2421	0644	edit dl rm
git-bundle.html	33269	0644	edit dl rm
git-bundle.txt	11703	0644	edit dl rm
git-cat-file.html	38661	0644	edit dl rm
git-cat-file.txt	13615	0644	edit dl rm
git-check-attr.html	22633	0644	edit dl rm
git-check-attr.txt	3390	0644	edit dl rm
git-check-ignore.html	23135	0644	edit dl rm
git-check-ignore.txt	4156	0644	edit dl rm
git-check-mailmap.html	18816	0644	edit dl rm
git-check-mailmap.txt	1108	0644	edit dl rm
git-check-ref-format.html	24040	0644	edit dl rm
git-check-ref-format.txt	5034	0644	edit dl rm
git-checkout-index.html	25362	0644	edit dl rm
git-checkout-index.txt	5669	0644	edit dl rm
git-checkout.html	52719	0644	edit dl rm
git-checkout.txt	22362	0644	edit dl rm
git-cherry-pick.html	31065	0644	edit dl rm
git-cherry-pick.txt	8764	0644	edit dl rm
git-cherry.html	22423	0644	edit dl rm
git-cherry.txt	3615	0644	edit dl rm
git-clean.html	23981	0644	edit dl rm
git-clean.txt	4523	0644	edit dl rm
git-clone.html	44328	0644	edit dl rm
git-clone.txt	14772	0644	edit dl rm
git-column.html	23317	0644	edit dl rm
git-column.txt	2201	0644	edit dl rm
git-commit-graph.html	26147	0644	edit dl rm
git-commit-graph.txt	5949	0644	edit dl rm
git-commit-tree.html	26683	0644	edit dl rm
git-commit-tree.txt	2710	0644	edit dl rm
git-commit.html	57154	0644	edit dl rm
git-commit.txt	21575	0644	edit dl rm
git-config.html	415540	0644	edit dl rm
git-config.txt	19755	0644	edit dl rm
git-contacts.html	20718	0644	edit dl rm
git-contacts.txt	2584	0644	edit dl rm
git-count-objects.html	18946	0644	edit dl rm
git-count-objects.txt	1350	0644	edit dl rm
git-credential-cache--daemon.html	18182	0644	edit dl rm
git-credential-cache--daemon.txt	891	0644	edit dl rm
git-credential-cache.html	20180	0644	edit dl rm
git-credential-cache.txt	2484	0644	edit dl rm
git-credential-store.html	22043	0644	edit dl rm
git-credential-store.txt	3637	0644	edit dl rm
git-credential.html	26676	0644	edit dl rm
git-credential.txt	7327	0644	edit dl rm
git-describe.html	28268	0644	edit dl rm
git-describe.txt	8319	0644	edit dl rm
git-diagnose.html	20157	0644	edit dl rm
git-diagnose.txt	2208	0644	edit dl rm
git-diff-files.html	79130	0644	edit dl rm
git-diff-files.txt	1225	0644	edit dl rm
git-diff-index.html	84351	0644	edit dl rm
git-diff-index.txt	4811	0644	edit dl rm
git-diff-tree.html	116052	0644	edit dl rm
git-diff-tree.txt	4184	0644	edit dl rm
git-diff.html	107093	0644	edit dl rm
git-diff.txt	8039	0644	edit dl rm
git-difftool.html	27048	0644	edit dl rm
git-difftool.txt	4624	0644	edit dl rm
git-fast-export.html	31650	0644	edit dl rm
git-fast-export.txt	11282	0644	edit dl rm
git-fast-import.html	103283	0644	edit dl rm
git-fast-import.txt	59963	0644	edit dl rm
git-fetch-pack.html	23255	0644	edit dl rm
git-fetch-pack.txt	4248	0644	edit dl rm
git-fetch.html	75456	0644	edit dl rm
git-fetch.txt	11812	0644	edit dl rm
git-filter-branch.html	54648	0644	edit dl rm
git-filter-branch.txt	31031	0644	edit dl rm
git-fmt-merge-msg.html	21435	0644	edit dl rm
git-fmt-merge-msg.txt	1931	0644	edit dl rm
git-for-each-ref.html	43438	0644	edit dl rm
git-for-each-ref.txt	17073	0644	edit dl rm
git-for-each-repo.html	19296	0644	edit dl rm
git-for-each-repo.txt	1543	0644	edit dl rm
git-format-patch.html	81842	0644	edit dl rm
git-format-patch.txt	28876	0644	edit dl rm
git-fsck-objects.html	17392	0644	edit dl rm
git-fsck-objects.txt	354	0644	edit dl rm
git-fsck.html	39162	0644	edit dl rm
git-fsck.txt	5882	0644	edit dl rm
git-fsmonitor--daemon.html	22875	0644	edit dl rm
git-fsmonitor--daemon.txt	3610	0644	edit dl rm
git-gc.html	36697	0644	edit dl rm
git-gc.txt	6292	0644	edit dl rm
git-get-tar-commit-id.html	17835	0644	edit dl rm
git-get-tar-commit-id.txt	753	0644	edit dl rm
git-grep.html	36030	0644	edit dl rm
git-grep.txt	10763	0644	edit dl rm
git-hash-object.html	19939	0644	edit dl rm
git-hash-object.txt	2142	0644	edit dl rm
git-help.html	28141	0644	edit dl rm
git-help.txt	7527	0644	edit dl rm
git-hook.html	18807	0644	edit dl rm
git-hook.txt	1028	0644	edit dl rm
git-http-backend.html	30974	0644	edit dl rm
git-http-backend.txt	11472	0644	edit dl rm
git-http-fetch.html	19679	0644	edit dl rm
git-http-fetch.txt	1775	0644	edit dl rm
git-http-push.html	21391	0644	edit dl rm
git-http-push.txt	2995	0644	edit dl rm
git-imap-send.html	25472	0644	edit dl rm
git-imap-send.txt	3567	0644	edit dl rm
git-index-pack.html	24735	0644	edit dl rm
git-index-pack.txt	5205	0644	edit dl rm
git-init-db.html	17460	0644	edit dl rm
git-init-db.txt	409	0644	edit dl rm
git-init.html	26604	0644	edit dl rm
git-init.txt	5869	0644	edit dl rm
git-interpret-trailers.html	42006	0644	edit dl rm
git-interpret-trailers.txt	18579	0644	edit dl rm
git-log.html	182485	0644	edit dl rm
git-log.txt	6864	0644	edit dl rm
git-ls-files.html	35053	0644	edit dl rm
git-ls-files.txt	11622	0644	edit dl rm
git-ls-remote.html	24349	0644	edit dl rm
git-ls-remote.txt	4841	0644	edit dl rm
git-ls-tree.html	25628	0644	edit dl rm
git-ls-tree.txt	5515	0644	edit dl rm
git-mailinfo.html	23402	0644	edit dl rm
git-mailinfo.txt	3866	0644	edit dl rm
git-mailsplit.html	19264	0644	edit dl rm
git-mailsplit.txt	1342	0644	edit dl rm
git-maintenance.html	46000	0644	edit dl rm
git-maintenance.txt	18901	0644	edit dl rm
git-merge-base.html	28380	0644	edit dl rm
git-merge-base.txt	7759	0644	edit dl rm
git-merge-file.html	22656	0644	edit dl rm
git-merge-file.txt	3718	0644	edit dl rm
git-merge-index.html	20450	0644	edit dl rm
git-merge-index.txt	2445	0644	edit dl rm
git-merge-one-file.html	17416	0644	edit dl rm
git-merge-one-file.txt	387	0644	edit dl rm
git-merge-tree.html	33496	0644	edit dl rm
git-merge-tree.txt	11923	0644	edit dl rm
git-merge.html	71005	0644	edit dl rm
git-merge.txt	15068	0644	edit dl rm
git-mergetool--lib.html	19127	0644	edit dl rm
git-mergetool--lib.txt	1467	0644	edit dl rm
git-mergetool.html	39795	0644	edit dl rm
git-mergetool.txt	4473	0644	edit dl rm
git-mktag.html	19819	0644	edit dl rm
git-mktag.txt	1782	0644	edit dl rm
git-mktree.html	18474	0644	edit dl rm
git-mktree.txt	1075	0644	edit dl rm
git-multi-pack-index.html	23595	0644	edit dl rm
git-multi-pack-index.txt	4632	0644	edit dl rm
git-mv.html	20092	0644	edit dl rm
git-mv.txt	2103	0644	edit dl rm
git-name-rev.html	21670	0644	edit dl rm
git-name-rev.txt	3352	0644	edit dl rm
git-notes.html	41046	0644	edit dl rm
git-notes.txt	13866	0644	edit dl rm
git-pack-objects.html	42391	0644	edit dl rm
git-pack-objects.txt	19297	0644	edit dl rm
git-pack-redundant.html	19799	0644	edit dl rm
git-pack-redundant.txt	1876	0644	edit dl rm
git-pack-refs.html	21120	0644	edit dl rm
git-pack-refs.txt	3136	0644	edit dl rm
git-patch-id.html	20354	0644	edit dl rm
git-patch-id.txt	2430	0644	edit dl rm
git-prune-packed.html	18539	0644	edit dl rm
git-prune-packed.txt	946	0644	edit dl rm
git-prune.html	20327	0644	edit dl rm
git-prune.txt	1919	0644	edit dl rm
git-pull.html	77070	0644	edit dl rm
git-pull.txt	8354	0644	edit dl rm
git-push.html	74993	0644	edit dl rm
git-push.txt	28061	0644	edit dl rm
git-quiltimport.html	19466	0644	edit dl rm
git-quiltimport.txt	1693	0644	edit dl rm
git-range-diff.html	31673	0644	edit dl rm
git-range-diff.txt	10337	0644	edit dl rm
git-read-tree.html	39078	0644	edit dl rm
git-read-tree.txt	16897	0644	edit dl rm
git-rebase.html	98945	0644	edit dl rm
git-rebase.txt	47228	0644	edit dl rm
git-receive-pack.html	30448	0644	edit dl rm
git-receive-pack.txt	9526	0644	edit dl rm
git-reflog.html	23514	0644	edit dl rm
git-reflog.txt	4575	0644	edit dl rm
git-remote-ext.html	23012	0644	edit dl rm
git-remote-ext.txt	3977	0644	edit dl rm
git-remote-fd.html	19501	0644	edit dl rm
git-remote-fd.txt	1628	0644	edit dl rm
git-remote-helpers.html	16974	0644	edit dl rm
git-remote.html	29903	0644	edit dl rm
git-remote.txt	8768	0644	edit dl rm
git-repack.html	32819	0644	edit dl rm
git-repack.txt	11020	0644	edit dl rm
git-replace.html	24858	0644	edit dl rm
git-replace.txt	5211	0644	edit dl rm
git-request-pull.html	20295	0644	edit dl rm
git-request-pull.txt	2035	0644	edit dl rm
git-rerere.html	27040	0644	edit dl rm
git-rerere.txt	7781	0644	edit dl rm
git-reset.html	44520	0644	edit dl rm
git-reset.txt	19125	0644	edit dl rm
git-restore.html	28166	0644	edit dl rm
git-restore.txt	7082	0644	edit dl rm
git-rev-list.html	118128	0644	edit dl rm
git-rev-list.txt	3220	0644	edit dl rm
git-rev-parse.html	64641	0644	edit dl rm
git-rev-parse.txt	15840	0644	edit dl rm
git-revert.html	26792	0644	edit dl rm
git-revert.txt	5421	0644	edit dl rm
git-rm.html	27584	0644	edit dl rm
git-rm.txt	7236	0644	edit dl rm
git-send-pack.html	24576	0644	edit dl rm
git-send-pack.txt	5160	0644	edit dl rm
git-sh-i18n--envsubst.html	18166	0644	edit dl rm
git-sh-i18n--envsubst.txt	928	0644	edit dl rm
git-sh-i18n.html	18595	0644	edit dl rm
git-sh-i18n.txt	1147	0644	edit dl rm
git-sh-setup.html	21277	0644	edit dl rm
git-sh-setup.txt	2976	0644	edit dl rm
git-shell.html	21414	0644	edit dl rm
git-shell.txt	2981	0644	edit dl rm
git-shortlog.html	64618	0644	edit dl rm
git-shortlog.txt	4409	0644	edit dl rm
git-show-branch.html	26813	0644	edit dl rm
git-show-branch.txt	6589	0644	edit dl rm
git-show-index.html	19521	0644	edit dl rm
git-show-index.txt	1473	0644	edit dl rm
git-show-ref.html	26075	0644	edit dl rm
git-show-ref.txt	6648	0644	edit dl rm
git-show.html	111644	0644	edit dl rm
git-show.txt	1929	0644	edit dl rm
git-sparse-checkout.html	43949	0644	edit dl rm
git-sparse-checkout.txt	21258	0644	edit dl rm
git-stage.html	17341	0644	edit dl rm
git-stage.txt	299	0644	edit dl rm
git-stash.html	38594	0644	edit dl rm
git-stash.txt	14999	0644	edit dl rm
git-status.html	45718	0644	edit dl rm
git-status.txt	20295	0644	edit dl rm
git-stripspace.html	20016	0644	edit dl rm
git-stripspace.txt	1946	0644	edit dl rm
git-submodule.html	45581	0644	edit dl rm
git-submodule.txt	20819	0644	edit dl rm
git-subtree.html	36823	0644	edit dl rm
git-subtree.txt	13687	0644	edit dl rm
git-switch.html	33314	0644	edit dl rm
git-switch.txt	8607	0644	edit dl rm
git-symbolic-ref.html	20452	0644	edit dl rm
git-symbolic-ref.txt	2327	0644	edit dl rm
git-tag.html	38958	0644	edit dl rm
git-tag.txt	13469	0644	edit dl rm
git-tools.html	17207	0644	edit dl rm
git-tools.txt	422	0644	edit dl rm
git-unpack-file.html	17645	0644	edit dl rm
git-unpack-file.txt	434	0644	edit dl rm
git-unpack-objects.html	18811	0644	edit dl rm
git-unpack-objects.txt	1220	0644	edit dl rm
git-update-index.html	49723	0644	edit dl rm
git-update-index.txt	23928	0644	edit dl rm
git-update-ref.html	25909	0644	edit dl rm
git-update-ref.txt	6298	0644	edit dl rm
git-update-server-info.html	18255	0644	edit dl rm
git-update-server-info.txt	801	0644	edit dl rm
git-upload-archive.html	19776	0644	edit dl rm
git-upload-archive.txt	2087	0644	edit dl rm
git-upload-pack.html	21671	0644	edit dl rm
git-upload-pack.txt	2998	0644	edit dl rm
git-var.html	21537	0644	edit dl rm
git-var.txt	3176	0644	edit dl rm
git-verify-commit.html	17948	0644	edit dl rm
git-verify-commit.txt	575	0644	edit dl rm
git-verify-pack.html	18953	0644	edit dl rm
git-verify-pack.txt	1111	0644	edit dl rm
git-verify-tag.html	17941	0644	edit dl rm
git-verify-tag.txt	562	0644	edit dl rm
git-version.html	17798	0644	edit dl rm
git-version.txt	532	0644	edit dl rm
git-web--browse.html	22405	0644	edit dl rm
git-web--browse.txt	3576	0644	edit dl rm
git-whatchanged.html	18572	0644	edit dl rm
git-whatchanged.txt	1098	0644	edit dl rm
git-worktree.html	46341	0644	edit dl rm
git-worktree.txt	20985	0644	edit dl rm
git-write-tree.html	18441	0644	edit dl rm
git-write-tree.txt	1026	0644	edit dl rm
git.html	107237	0644	edit dl rm
git.txt	43254	0644	edit dl rm
gitattributes.html	82845	0644	edit dl rm
gitattributes.txt	49511	0644	edit dl rm
gitcli.html	29584	0644	edit dl rm
gitcli.txt	9697	0644	edit dl rm
gitcore-tutorial.html	100139	0644	edit dl rm
gitcore-tutorial.txt	62240	0644	edit dl rm
gitcredentials.html	31980	0644	edit dl rm
gitcredentials.txt	11317	0644	edit dl rm
gitdiffcore.html	33745	0644	edit dl rm
gitdiffcore.txt	14082	0644	edit dl rm
giteveryday.html	38092	0644	edit dl rm
giteveryday.txt	14422	0644	edit dl rm
gitfaq.html	44081	0644	edit dl rm
gitfaq.txt	21069	0644	edit dl rm
gitformat-bundle.html	21446	0644	edit dl rm
gitformat-bundle.txt	3256	0644	edit dl rm
gitformat-chunk.html	24329	0644	edit dl rm
gitformat-chunk.txt	5560	0644	edit dl rm
gitformat-commit-graph.html	28630	0644	edit dl rm
gitformat-commit-graph.txt	7857	0644	edit dl rm
gitformat-index.html	40269	0644	edit dl rm
gitformat-index.txt	15180	0644	edit dl rm
gitformat-pack.html	49811	0644	edit dl rm
gitformat-pack.txt	23509	0644	edit dl rm
gitformat-signature.html	27362	0644	edit dl rm
gitformat-signature.txt	8093	0644	edit dl rm
gitglossary.html	64201	0644	edit dl rm
gitglossary.txt	358	0644	edit dl rm
githooks.html	56500	0644	edit dl rm
githooks.txt	29331	0644	edit dl rm
gitignore.html	28399	0644	edit dl rm
gitignore.txt	8918	0644	edit dl rm
gitmailmap.html	22819	0644	edit dl rm
gitmailmap.txt	3551	0644	edit dl rm
gitmodules.html	24057	0644	edit dl rm
gitmodules.txt	4800	0644	edit dl rm
gitnamespaces.html	22148	0644	edit dl rm
gitnamespaces.txt	2509	0644	edit dl rm
gitprotocol-capabilities.html	37425	0644	edit dl rm
gitprotocol-capabilities.txt	15311	0644	edit dl rm
gitprotocol-common.html	21565	0644	edit dl rm
gitprotocol-common.txt	3177	0644	edit dl rm
gitprotocol-http.html	43234	0644	edit dl rm
gitprotocol-http.txt	17994	0644	edit dl rm
gitprotocol-pack.html	53023	0644	edit dl rm
gitprotocol-pack.txt	27678	0644	edit dl rm
gitprotocol-v2.html	59690	0644	edit dl rm
gitprotocol-v2.txt	31434	0644	edit dl rm
gitremote-helpers.html	48215	0644	edit dl rm
gitremote-helpers.txt	21785	0644	edit dl rm
gitrepository-layout.html	39352	0644	edit dl rm
gitrepository-layout.txt	11622	0644	edit dl rm
gitrevisions.html	41621	0644	edit dl rm
gitrevisions.txt	823	0644	edit dl rm
gitsubmodules.html	31699	0644	edit dl rm
gitsubmodules.txt	10366	0644	edit dl rm
gittutorial-2.html	34547	0644	edit dl rm
gittutorial-2.txt	14750	0644	edit dl rm
gittutorial.html	46263	0644	edit dl rm
gittutorial.txt	22972	0644	edit dl rm
gitworkflows.html	39869	0644	edit dl rm
gitworkflows.txt	17414	0644	edit dl rm
glossary-content.txt	32609	0644	edit dl rm
howto-index.html	22991	0644	edit dl rm
howto-index.txt	4001	0644	edit dl rm
i18n.txt	2940	0644	edit dl rm
line-range-format.txt	1162	0644	edit dl rm
line-range-options.txt	761	0644	edit dl rm
merge-options.txt	7236	0644	edit dl rm
merge-strategies.txt	6610	0644	edit dl rm
mergetools-diff.txt	1507	0644	edit dl rm
mergetools-merge.txt	2586	0644	edit dl rm
MyFirstContribution.html	90572	0644	edit dl rm
MyFirstContribution.txt	54596	0644	edit dl rm
MyFirstObjectWalk.html	60554	0644	edit dl rm
MyFirstObjectWalk.txt	28979	0644	edit dl rm
object-format-disclaimer.txt	470	0644	edit dl rm
pretty-formats.txt	15669	0644	edit dl rm
pretty-options.txt	4201	0644	edit dl rm
pull-fetch-param.txt	5476	0644	edit dl rm
README.md	3652	0644	edit dl rm
ref-reachability-filters.txt	391	0644	edit dl rm
rerere-options.txt	414	0644	edit dl rm
rev-list-description.txt	2531	0644	edit dl rm
rev-list-options.txt	46906	0644	edit dl rm
ReviewingGuidelines.html	26831	0644	edit dl rm
ReviewingGuidelines.txt	8100	0644	edit dl rm
revisions.txt	17109	0644	edit dl rm
scalar.html	26055	0644	edit dl rm
scalar.txt	6056	0644	edit dl rm
sequencer.txt	472	0644	edit dl rm
signoff-option.txt	781	0644	edit dl rm
SubmittingPatches.html	55660	0644	edit dl rm
SubmittingPatches.txt	30147	0644	edit dl rm
ToolsForGit.html	19020	0644	edit dl rm
ToolsForGit.txt	1348	0644	edit dl rm
trace2-target-values.txt	529	0644	edit dl rm
transfer-data-leaks.txt	1712	0644	edit dl rm
urls-remotes.txt	2642	0644	edit dl rm
urls.txt	3634	0644	edit dl rm
user-manual.html	275731	0644	edit dl rm
user-manual.txt	173518	0644	edit dl rm

Edit: /usr/share/doc/git/revisions.txt (17109B)

SPECIFYING REVISIONS
--------------------

A revision parameter '<rev>' typically, but not necessarily, names a
commit object.  It uses what is called an 'extended SHA-1'
syntax.  Here are various ways to spell object names.  The
ones listed near the end of this list name trees and
blobs contained in a commit.

NOTE: This document shows the "raw" syntax as seen by git. The shell
and other UIs might require additional quoting to protect special
characters and to avoid word splitting.

'<sha1>', e.g. 'dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735', 'dae86e'::
  The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or
  a leading substring that is unique within the repository.
  E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both
  name the same commit object if there is no other object in
  your repository whose object name starts with dae86e.

'<describeOutput>', e.g. 'v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb'::
  Output from `git describe`; i.e. a closest tag, optionally
  followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a
  'g', and an abbreviated object name.

'<refname>', e.g. 'master', 'heads/master', 'refs/heads/master'::
  A symbolic ref name.  E.g. 'master' typically means the commit
  object referenced by 'refs/heads/master'.  If you
  happen to have both 'heads/master' and 'tags/master', you can
  explicitly say 'heads/master' to tell Git which one you mean.
  When ambiguous, a '<refname>' is disambiguated by taking the
  first match in the following rules:
+
  . If '$GIT_DIR/<refname>' exists, that is what you mean (this is usually
    useful only for `HEAD`, `FETCH_HEAD`, `ORIG_HEAD`, `MERGE_HEAD`,
    `REBASE_HEAD`, `REVERT_HEAD`, `CHERRY_PICK_HEAD`, `BISECT_HEAD`
    and `AUTO_MERGE`);

. otherwise, 'refs/<refname>' if it exists;

. otherwise, 'refs/tags/<refname>' if it exists;

. otherwise, 'refs/heads/<refname>' if it exists;

. otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>' if it exists;

. otherwise, 'refs/remotes/<refname>/HEAD' if it exists.

+
  `HEAD`:::
    names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree.
  `FETCH_HEAD`:::
    records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository with
    your last `git fetch` invocation.
  `ORIG_HEAD`:::
    is created by commands that move your `HEAD` in a drastic way (`git
    am`, `git merge`, `git rebase`, `git reset`), to record the position
    of the `HEAD` before their operation, so that you can easily change
    the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran them.
  `MERGE_HEAD`:::
    records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch when you
    run `git merge`.
  `REBASE_HEAD`:::
    during a rebase, records the commit at which the operation is
    currently stopped, either because of conflicts or an `edit` command in
    an interactive rebase.
  `REVERT_HEAD`:::
    records the commit which you are reverting when you run `git revert`.
  `CHERRY_PICK_HEAD`:::
    records the commit which you are cherry-picking when you run `git
    cherry-pick`.
  `BISECT_HEAD`:::
    records the current commit to be tested when you run `git bisect
    --no-checkout`.
  `AUTO_MERGE`:::
    records a tree object corresponding to the state the
    'ort' merge strategy wrote to the working tree when a merge operation
    resulted in conflicts.

+
Note that any of the 'refs/*' cases above may come either from
the `$GIT_DIR/refs` directory or from the `$GIT_DIR/packed-refs` file.
While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as
some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8.

'@'::
  '@' alone is a shortcut for `HEAD`.

'[<refname>]@{<date>}', e.g. 'master@\{yesterday\}', 'HEAD@{5 minutes ago}'::
  A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification
  enclosed in a brace
  pair (e.g. '\{yesterday\}', '{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1
  second ago}' or '{1979-02-26 18:30:00}') specifies the value
  of the ref at a prior point in time.  This suffix may only be
  used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an
  existing log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<ref>'). Note that this looks up the state
  of your *local* ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local
  'master' branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during
  certain times, see `--since` and `--until`.

'<refname>@{<n>}', e.g. 'master@\{1\}'::
  A ref followed by the suffix '@' with an ordinal specification
  enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. '\{1\}', '\{15\}') specifies
  the n-th prior value of that ref.  For example 'master@\{1\}'
  is the immediate prior value of 'master' while 'master@\{5\}'
  is the 5th prior value of 'master'. This suffix may only be used
  immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing
  log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/<refname>').

'@{<n>}', e.g. '@\{1\}'::
  You can use the '@' construct with an empty ref part to get at a
  reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on
  branch 'blabla' then '@\{1\}' means the same as 'blabla@\{1\}'.

'@{-<n>}', e.g. '@{-1}'::
  The construct '@{-<n>}' means the <n>th branch/commit checked out
  before the current one.

'[<branchname>]@\{upstream\}', e.g. 'master@\{upstream\}', '@\{u\}'::
  A branch B may be set up to build on top of a branch X (configured with
  `branch.<name>.merge`) at a remote R (configured with
  `branch.<name>.remote`). B@{u} refers to the remote-tracking branch for
  the branch X taken from remote R, typically found at `refs/remotes/R/X`.

'[<branchname>]@\{push\}', e.g. 'master@\{push\}', '@\{push\}'::
  The suffix '@\{push}' reports the branch "where we would push to" if
  `git push` were run while `branchname` was checked out (or the current
  `HEAD` if no branchname is specified). Like for '@\{upstream\}', we report
  the remote-tracking branch that corresponds to that branch at the remote.
+
Here's an example to make it more clear:
+
------------------------------
$ git config push.default current
$ git config remote.pushdefault myfork
$ git switch -c mybranch origin/master

$ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{upstream}
refs/remotes/origin/master

$ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{push}
refs/remotes/myfork/mybranch
------------------------------
+
Note in the example that we set up a triangular workflow, where we pull
from one location and push to another. In a non-triangular workflow,
'@\{push}' is the same as '@\{upstream}', and there is no need for it.
+
This suffix is also accepted when spelled in uppercase, and means the same
thing no matter the case.

'<rev>{caret}[<n>]', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}, v1.5.1{caret}0'::
  A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of
  that commit object.  '{caret}<n>' means the <n>th parent (i.e.
  '<rev>{caret}'
  is equivalent to '<rev>{caret}1').  As a special rule,
  '<rev>{caret}0' means the commit itself and is used when '<rev>' is the
  object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object.

'<rev>{tilde}[<n>]', e.g. 'HEAD{tilde}, master{tilde}3'::
  A suffix '{tilde}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of
  that commit object.
  A suffix '{tilde}<n>' to a revision parameter means the commit
  object that is the <n>th generation ancestor of the named
  commit object, following only the first parents.  I.e. '<rev>{tilde}3' is
  equivalent to '<rev>{caret}{caret}{caret}' which is equivalent to
  '<rev>{caret}1{caret}1{caret}1'.  See below for an illustration of
  the usage of this form.

'<rev>{caret}{<type>}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{commit\}'::
  A suffix '{caret}' followed by an object type name enclosed in
  brace pair means dereference the object at '<rev>' recursively until
  an object of type '<type>' is found or the object cannot be
  dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf).
  For example, if '<rev>' is a commit-ish, '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}'
  describes the corresponding commit object.
  Similarly, if '<rev>' is a tree-ish, '<rev>{caret}\{tree\}'
  describes the corresponding tree object.
  '<rev>{caret}0'
  is a short-hand for '<rev>{caret}\{commit\}'.
+
'<rev>{caret}\{object\}' can be used to make sure '<rev>' names an
object that exists, without requiring '<rev>' to be a tag, and
without dereferencing '<rev>'; because a tag is already an object,
it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object.
+
'<rev>{caret}\{tag\}' can be used to ensure that '<rev>' identifies an
existing tag object.

'<rev>{caret}{}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}{}'::
  A suffix '{caret}' followed by an empty brace pair
  means the object could be a tag,
  and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is
  found.

'<rev>{caret}{/<text>}', e.g. 'HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}'::
  A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter, followed by a brace
  pair that contains a text led by a slash,
  is the same as the ':/fix nasty bug' syntax below except that
  it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from
  the '<rev>' before '{caret}'.

':/<text>', e.g. ':/fix nasty bug'::
  A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names
  a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression.
  This name returns the youngest matching commit which is
  reachable from any ref, including HEAD.
  The regular expression can match any part of the
  commit message. To match messages starting with a string, one can use
  e.g. ':/^foo'. The special sequence ':/!' is reserved for modifiers to what
  is matched. ':/!-foo' performs a negative match, while ':/!!foo' matches a
  literal '!' character, followed by 'foo'. Any other sequence beginning with
  ':/!' is reserved for now.
  Depending on the given text, the shell's word splitting rules might
  require additional quoting.

'<rev>:<path>', e.g. 'HEAD:README', 'master:./README'::
  A suffix ':' followed by a path names the blob or tree
  at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part
  before the colon.
  A path starting with './' or '../' is relative to the current working directory.
  The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree's root directory.
  This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has
  the same tree structure as the working tree.

':[<n>:]<path>', e.g. ':0:README', ':README'::
  A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a
  colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the
  index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon
  that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage
  1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch's version
  (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from
  the branch which is being merged.

Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger.  Both commit nodes B
and C are parents of commit node A.  Parent commits are ordered
left-to-right.

........................................
G   H   I   J
 \ /     \ /
  D   E   F
   \  |  / \
    \ | /   |
     \|/    |
      B     C
       \   /
        \ /
         A
........................................

A =      = A^0
    B = A^   = A^1     = A~1
    C =      = A^2
    D = A^^  = A^1^1   = A~2
    E = B^2  = A^^2
    F = B^3  = A^^3
    G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3
    H = D^2  = B^^2    = A^^^2  = A~2^2
    I = F^   = B^3^    = A^^3^
    J = F^2  = B^3^2   = A^^3^2

SPECIFYING RANGES
-----------------

History traversing commands such as `git log` operate on a set
of commits, not just a single commit.

For these commands,
specifying a single revision, using the notation described in the
previous section, means the set of commits `reachable` from the given
commit.

Specifying several revisions means the set of commits reachable from
any of the given commits.

A commit's reachable set is the commit itself and the commits in
its ancestry chain.

There are several notations to specify a set of connected commits
(called a "revision range"), illustrated below.

Commit Exclusions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

'{caret}<rev>' (caret) Notation::
 To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix '{caret}'
 notation is used.  E.g. '{caret}r1 r2' means commits reachable
 from 'r2' but exclude the ones reachable from 'r1' (i.e. 'r1' and
 its ancestors).

Dotted Range Notations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The '..' (two-dot) Range Notation::
 The '{caret}r1 r2' set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand
 for it.  When you have two commits 'r1' and 'r2' (named according
 to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask
 for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable
 from r1 by '{caret}r1 r2' and it can be written as 'r1..r2'.

The '\...' (three-dot) Symmetric Difference Notation::
 A similar notation 'r1\...r2' is called symmetric difference
 of 'r1' and 'r2' and is defined as
 'r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)'.
 It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of
 'r1' (left side) or 'r2' (right side) but not from both.

In these two shorthand notations, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD.
For example, 'origin..' is a shorthand for 'origin..HEAD' and asks "What
did I do since I forked from the origin branch?"  Similarly, '..origin'
is a shorthand for 'HEAD..origin' and asks "What did the origin do since
I forked from them?"  Note that '..' would mean 'HEAD..HEAD' which is an
empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD.

Commands that are specifically designed to take two distinct ranges
(e.g. "git range-diff R1 R2" to compare two ranges) do exist, but
they are exceptions.  Unless otherwise noted, all "git" commands
that operate on a set of commits work on a single revision range.
In other words, writing two "two-dot range notation" next to each
other, e.g.

$ git log A..B C..D

does *not* specify two revision ranges for most commands.  Instead
it will name a single connected set of commits, i.e. those that are
reachable from either B or D but are reachable from neither A or C.
In a linear history like this:

---A---B---o---o---C---D

because A and B are reachable from C, the revision range specified
by these two dotted ranges is a single commit D.

Other <rev>{caret} Parent Shorthand Notations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Three other shorthands exist, particularly useful for merge commits,
for naming a set that is formed by a commit and its parent commits.

The 'r1{caret}@' notation means all parents of 'r1'.

The 'r1{caret}!' notation includes commit 'r1' but excludes all of its parents.
By itself, this notation denotes the single commit 'r1'.

The '<rev>{caret}-[<n>]' notation includes '<rev>' but excludes the <n>th
parent (i.e. a shorthand for '<rev>{caret}<n>..<rev>'), with '<n>' = 1 if
not given. This is typically useful for merge commits where you
can just pass '<commit>{caret}-' to get all the commits in the branch
that was merged in merge commit '<commit>' (including '<commit>'
itself).

While '<rev>{caret}<n>' was about specifying a single commit parent, these
three notations also consider its parents. For example you can say
'HEAD{caret}2{caret}@', however you cannot say 'HEAD{caret}@{caret}2'.

Revision Range Summary
----------------------

'<rev>'::
	Include commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its
	ancestors).

'{caret}<rev>'::
	Exclude commits that are reachable from <rev> (i.e. <rev> and its
	ancestors).

'<rev1>..<rev2>'::
	Include commits that are reachable from <rev2> but exclude
	those that are reachable from <rev1>.  When either <rev1> or
	<rev2> is omitted, it defaults to `HEAD`.

'<rev1>\...<rev2>'::
	Include commits that are reachable from either <rev1> or
	<rev2> but exclude those that are reachable from both.  When
	either <rev1> or <rev2> is omitted, it defaults to `HEAD`.

'<rev>{caret}@', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}@'::
  A suffix '{caret}' followed by an at sign is the same as listing
  all parents of '<rev>' (meaning, include anything reachable from
  its parents, but not the commit itself).

'<rev>{caret}!', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}!'::
  A suffix '{caret}' followed by an exclamation mark is the same
  as giving commit '<rev>' and all its parents prefixed with
  '{caret}' to exclude them (and their ancestors).

'<rev>{caret}-<n>', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}-, HEAD{caret}-2'::
	Equivalent to '<rev>{caret}<n>..<rev>', with '<n>' = 1 if not
	given.

Here are a handful of examples using the Loeliger illustration above,
with each step in the notation's expansion and selection carefully
spelt out:

....
   Args   Expanded arguments    Selected commits
   D                            G H D
   D F                          G H I J D F
   ^G D                         H D
   ^D B                         E I J F B
   ^D B C                       E I J F B C
   C                            I J F C
   B..C   = ^B C                C
   B...C  = B ^F C              G H D E B C
   B^-    = B^..B
	  = ^B^1 B              E I J F B
   C^@    = C^1
	  = F                   I J F
   B^@    = B^1 B^2 B^3
	  = D E F               D G H E F I J
   C^!    = C ^C^@
	  = C ^C^1
	  = C ^F                C
   B^!    = B ^B^@
	  = B ^B^1 ^B^2 ^B^3
	  = B ^D ^E ^F          B
   F^! D  = F ^I ^J D           G H D F
....

SPECIFYING REVISIONS -------------------- A revision parameter '' typically, but not necessarily, names a commit object. It uses what is called an 'extended SHA-1' syntax. Here are various ways to spell object names. The ones listed near the end of this list name trees and blobs contained in a commit. NOTE: This document shows the "raw" syntax as seen by git. The shell and other UIs might require additional quoting to protect special characters and to avoid word splitting. '', e.g. 'dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735', 'dae86e':: The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or a leading substring that is unique within the repository. E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both name the same commit object if there is no other object in your repository whose object name starts with dae86e. '', e.g. 'v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb':: Output from `git describe`; i.e. a closest tag, optionally followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a 'g', and an abbreviated object name. '', e.g. 'master', 'heads/master', 'refs/heads/master':: A symbolic ref name. E.g. 'master' typically means the commit object referenced by 'refs/heads/master'. If you happen to have both 'heads/master' and 'tags/master', you can explicitly say 'heads/master' to tell Git which one you mean. When ambiguous, a '' is disambiguated by taking the first match in the following rules: + . If '$GIT_DIR/' exists, that is what you mean (this is usually useful only for `HEAD`, `FETCH_HEAD`, `ORIG_HEAD`, `MERGE_HEAD`, `REBASE_HEAD`, `REVERT_HEAD`, `CHERRY_PICK_HEAD`, `BISECT_HEAD` and `AUTO_MERGE`); . otherwise, 'refs/' if it exists; . otherwise, 'refs/tags/' if it exists; . otherwise, 'refs/heads/' if it exists; . otherwise, 'refs/remotes/' if it exists; . otherwise, 'refs/remotes//HEAD' if it exists. + `HEAD`::: names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree. `FETCH_HEAD`::: records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository with your last `git fetch` invocation. `ORIG_HEAD`::: is created by commands that move your `HEAD` in a drastic way (`git am`, `git merge`, `git rebase`, `git reset`), to record the position of the `HEAD` before their operation, so that you can easily change the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran them. `MERGE_HEAD`::: records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch when you run `git merge`. `REBASE_HEAD`::: during a rebase, records the commit at which the operation is currently stopped, either because of conflicts or an `edit` command in an interactive rebase. `REVERT_HEAD`::: records the commit which you are reverting when you run `git revert`. `CHERRY_PICK_HEAD`::: records the commit which you are cherry-picking when you run `git cherry-pick`. `BISECT_HEAD`::: records the current commit to be tested when you run `git bisect --no-checkout`. `AUTO_MERGE`::: records a tree object corresponding to the state the 'ort' merge strategy wrote to the working tree when a merge operation resulted in conflicts. + Note that any of the 'refs/*' cases above may come either from the `$GIT_DIR/refs` directory or from the `$GIT_DIR/packed-refs` file. While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8. '@':: '@' alone is a shortcut for `HEAD`. '[]@{}', e.g. 'master@\{yesterday\}', 'HEAD@{5 minutes ago}':: A ref followed by the suffix '@' with a date specification enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. '\{yesterday\}', '{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1 second ago}' or '{1979-02-26 18:30:00}') specifies the value of the ref at a prior point in time. This suffix may only be used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/'). Note that this looks up the state of your *local* ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local 'master' branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during certain times, see `--since` and `--until`. '@{}', e.g. 'master@\{1\}':: A ref followed by the suffix '@' with an ordinal specification enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. '\{1\}', '\{15\}') specifies the n-th prior value of that ref. For example 'master@\{1\}' is the immediate prior value of 'master' while 'master@\{5\}' is the 5th prior value of 'master'. This suffix may only be used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing log ('$GIT_DIR/logs/'). '@{}', e.g. '@\{1\}':: You can use the '@' construct with an empty ref part to get at a reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on branch 'blabla' then '@\{1\}' means the same as 'blabla@\{1\}'. '@{-}', e.g. '@{-1}':: The construct '@{-}' means the th branch/commit checked out before the current one. '[]@\{upstream\}', e.g. 'master@\{upstream\}', '@\{u\}':: A branch B may be set up to build on top of a branch X (configured with `branch..merge`) at a remote R (configured with `branch..remote`). B@{u} refers to the remote-tracking branch for the branch X taken from remote R, typically found at `refs/remotes/R/X`. '[]@\{push\}', e.g. 'master@\{push\}', '@\{push\}':: The suffix '@\{push}' reports the branch "where we would push to" if `git push` were run while `branchname` was checked out (or the current `HEAD` if no branchname is specified). Like for '@\{upstream\}', we report the remote-tracking branch that corresponds to that branch at the remote. + Here's an example to make it more clear: + ------------------------------ $ git config push.default current $ git config remote.pushdefault myfork $ git switch -c mybranch origin/master $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{upstream} refs/remotes/origin/master $ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{push} refs/remotes/myfork/mybranch ------------------------------ + Note in the example that we set up a triangular workflow, where we pull from one location and push to another. In a non-triangular workflow, '@\{push}' is the same as '@\{upstream}', and there is no need for it. + This suffix is also accepted when spelled in uppercase, and means the same thing no matter the case. '{caret}[]', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}, v1.5.1{caret}0':: A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of that commit object. '{caret}' means the th parent (i.e. '{caret}' is equivalent to '{caret}1'). As a special rule, '{caret}0' means the commit itself and is used when '' is the object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object. '{tilde}[]', e.g. 'HEAD{tilde}, master{tilde}3':: A suffix '{tilde}' to a revision parameter means the first parent of that commit object. A suffix '{tilde}' to a revision parameter means the commit object that is the th generation ancestor of the named commit object, following only the first parents. I.e. '{tilde}3' is equivalent to '{caret}{caret}{caret}' which is equivalent to '{caret}1{caret}1{caret}1'. See below for an illustration of the usage of this form. '{caret}{}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}\{commit\}':: A suffix '{caret}' followed by an object type name enclosed in brace pair means dereference the object at '' recursively until an object of type '' is found or the object cannot be dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf). For example, if '' is a commit-ish, '{caret}\{commit\}' describes the corresponding commit object. Similarly, if '' is a tree-ish, '{caret}\{tree\}' describes the corresponding tree object. '{caret}0' is a short-hand for '{caret}\{commit\}'. + '{caret}\{object\}' can be used to make sure '' names an object that exists, without requiring '' to be a tag, and without dereferencing ''; because a tag is already an object, it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object. + '{caret}\{tag\}' can be used to ensure that '' identifies an existing tag object. '{caret}{}', e.g. 'v0.99.8{caret}{}':: A suffix '{caret}' followed by an empty brace pair means the object could be a tag, and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is found. '{caret}{/}', e.g. 'HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}':: A suffix '{caret}' to a revision parameter, followed by a brace pair that contains a text led by a slash, is the same as the ':/fix nasty bug' syntax below except that it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from the '' before '{caret}'. ':/', e.g. ':/fix nasty bug':: A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression. This name returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from any ref, including HEAD. The regular expression can match any part of the commit message. To match messages starting with a string, one can use e.g. ':/^foo'. The special sequence ':/!' is reserved for modifiers to what is matched. ':/!-foo' performs a negative match, while ':/!!foo' matches a literal '!' character, followed by 'foo'. Any other sequence beginning with ':/!' is reserved for now. Depending on the given text, the shell's word splitting rules might require additional quoting. ':', e.g. 'HEAD:README', 'master:./README':: A suffix ':' followed by a path names the blob or tree at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part before the colon. A path starting with './' or '../' is relative to the current working directory. The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree's root directory. This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has the same tree structure as the working tree. ':[:]', e.g. ':0:README', ':README':: A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage 1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch's version (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from the branch which is being merged. Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger. Both commit nodes B and C are parents of commit node A. Parent commits are ordered left-to-right. ........................................ G H I J \ / \ / D E F \ | / \ \ | / | \|/ | B C \ / \ / A ........................................ A = = A^0 B = A^ = A^1 = A~1 C = = A^2 D = A^^ = A^1^1 = A~2 E = B^2 = A^^2 F = B^3 = A^^3 G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3 H = D^2 = B^^2 = A^^^2 = A~2^2 I = F^ = B^3^ = A^^3^ J = F^2 = B^3^2 = A^^3^2 SPECIFYING RANGES ----------------- History traversing commands such as `git log` operate on a set of commits, not just a single commit. For these commands, specifying a single revision, using the notation described in the previous section, means the set of commits `reachable` from the given commit. Specifying several revisions means the set of commits reachable from any of the given commits. A commit's reachable set is the commit itself and the commits in its ancestry chain. There are several notations to specify a set of connected commits (called a "revision range"), illustrated below. Commit Exclusions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '{caret}' (caret) Notation:: To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix '{caret}' notation is used. E.g. '{caret}r1 r2' means commits reachable from 'r2' but exclude the ones reachable from 'r1' (i.e. 'r1' and its ancestors). Dotted Range Notations ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The '..' (two-dot) Range Notation:: The '{caret}r1 r2' set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand for it. When you have two commits 'r1' and 'r2' (named according to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable from r1 by '{caret}r1 r2' and it can be written as 'r1..r2'. The '\...' (three-dot) Symmetric Difference Notation:: A similar notation 'r1\...r2' is called symmetric difference of 'r1' and 'r2' and is defined as 'r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)'. It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of 'r1' (left side) or 'r2' (right side) but not from both. In these two shorthand notations, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD. For example, 'origin..' is a shorthand for 'origin..HEAD' and asks "What did I do since I forked from the origin branch?" Similarly, '..origin' is a shorthand for 'HEAD..origin' and asks "What did the origin do since I forked from them?" Note that '..' would mean 'HEAD..HEAD' which is an empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD. Commands that are specifically designed to take two distinct ranges (e.g. "git range-diff R1 R2" to compare two ranges) do exist, but they are exceptions. Unless otherwise noted, all "git" commands that operate on a set of commits work on a single revision range. In other words, writing two "two-dot range notation" next to each other, e.g. $ git log A..B C..D does *not* specify two revision ranges for most commands. Instead it will name a single connected set of commits, i.e. those that are reachable from either B or D but are reachable from neither A or C. In a linear history like this: ---A---B---o---o---C---D because A and B are reachable from C, the revision range specified by these two dotted ranges is a single commit D. Other {caret} Parent Shorthand Notations ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Three other shorthands exist, particularly useful for merge commits, for naming a set that is formed by a commit and its parent commits. The 'r1{caret}@' notation means all parents of 'r1'. The 'r1{caret}!' notation includes commit 'r1' but excludes all of its parents. By itself, this notation denotes the single commit 'r1'. The '{caret}-[]' notation includes '' but excludes the th parent (i.e. a shorthand for '{caret}..'), with '' = 1 if not given. This is typically useful for merge commits where you can just pass '{caret}-' to get all the commits in the branch that was merged in merge commit '' (including '' itself). While '{caret}' was about specifying a single commit parent, these three notations also consider its parents. For example you can say 'HEAD{caret}2{caret}@', however you cannot say 'HEAD{caret}@{caret}2'. Revision Range Summary ---------------------- '':: Include commits that are reachable from (i.e. and its ancestors). '{caret}':: Exclude commits that are reachable from (i.e. and its ancestors). '..':: Include commits that are reachable from but exclude those that are reachable from . When either or is omitted, it defaults to `HEAD`. '\...':: Include commits that are reachable from either or but exclude those that are reachable from both. When either or is omitted, it defaults to `HEAD`. '{caret}@', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}@':: A suffix '{caret}' followed by an at sign is the same as listing all parents of '' (meaning, include anything reachable from its parents, but not the commit itself). '{caret}!', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}!':: A suffix '{caret}' followed by an exclamation mark is the same as giving commit '' and all its parents prefixed with '{caret}' to exclude them (and their ancestors). '{caret}-', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}-, HEAD{caret}-2':: Equivalent to '{caret}..', with '' = 1 if not given. Here are a handful of examples using the Loeliger illustration above, with each step in the notation's expansion and selection carefully spelt out: .... Args Expanded arguments Selected commits D G H D D F G H I J D F ^G D H D ^D B E I J F B ^D B C E I J F B C C I J F C B..C = ^B C C B...C = B ^F C G H D E B C B^- = B^..B = ^B^1 B E I J F B C^@ = C^1 = F I J F B^@ = B^1 B^2 B^3 = D E F D G H E F I J C^! = C ^C^@ = C ^C^1 = C ^F C B^! = B ^B^@ = B ^B^1 ^B^2 ^B^3 = B ^D ^E ^F B F^! D = F ^I ^J D G H D F ....