SYNOPSIS
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/ignore, $GIT_DIR/info/exclude, .gitignore
DESCRIPTION
A gitignore file specifies intentionally untracked files that
Git should ignore.
Files already tracked by Git are not affected; see the NOTES
below for details.
Each line in a gitignore file specifies a pattern.
When deciding whether to ignore a path, Git normally checks
gitignore patterns from multiple sources, with the following
order of precedence, from highest to lowest (within one level of
precedence, the last matching pattern decides the outcome):
-
Patterns read from the command line for those commands that support them.
-
Patterns read from a
.gitignorefile in the same directory as the path, or in any parent directory (up to the top-level of the working tree), with patterns in the higher level files being overridden by those in lower level files down to the directory containing the file. These patterns match relative to the location of the.gitignorefile. A project normally includes such.gitignorefiles in its repository, containing patterns for files generated as part of the project build. -
Patterns read from
$GIT_DIR/info/exclude. -
Patterns read from the file specified by the configuration variable
core.excludesFile.
Which file to place a pattern in depends on how the pattern is meant to be used.
-
Patterns which should be version-controlled and distributed to other repositories via clone (i.e., files that all developers will want to ignore) should go into a
.gitignorefile. -
Patterns which are specific to a particular repository but which do not need to be shared with other related repositories (e.g., auxiliary files that live inside the repository but are specific to one user’s workflow) should go into the
$GIT_DIR/info/excludefile. -
Patterns which a user wants Git to ignore in all situations (e.g., backup or temporary files generated by the user’s editor of choice) generally go into a file specified by
core.excludesFilein the user’s~/.gitconfig. Its default value is $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/ignore. If $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is either not set or empty, $HOME/.config/git/ignore is used instead.
The underlying Git plumbing tools, such as
git ls-files and git read-tree, read
gitignore patterns specified by command-line options, or from
files specified by command-line options. Higher-level Git
tools, such as git status and git add,
use patterns from the sources specified above.
PATTERN FORMAT
-
A blank line matches no files, so it can serve as a separator for readability.
-
A line starting with # serves as a comment. Put a backslash ("
\") in front of the first hash for patterns that begin with a hash. -
Trailing spaces are ignored unless they are quoted with backslash ("
\"). -
An optional prefix "
!" which negates the pattern; any matching file excluded by a previous pattern will become included again. It is not possible to re-include a file if a parent directory of that file is excluded. Git doesn’t list excluded directories for performance reasons, so any patterns on contained files have no effect, no matter where they are defined. Put a backslash ("\") in front of the first "!" for patterns that begin with a literal "!", for example, "\!important!.txt". -
The slash "
/" is used as the directory separator. Separators may occur at the beginning, middle or end of the.gitignoresearch pattern. -
If there is a separator at the beginning or middle (or both) of the pattern, then the pattern is relative to the directory level of the particular
.gitignorefile itself. Otherwise the pattern may also match at any level below the.gitignorelevel. -
If there is a separator at the end of the pattern then the pattern will only match directories, otherwise the pattern can match both files and directories.
-
For example, a pattern
doc/frotz/matchesdoc/frotzdirectory, but nota/doc/frotzdirectory; howeverfrotz/matchesfrotzanda/frotzthat is a directory (all paths are relative from the.gitignorefile). -
An asterisk "
*" matches anything except a slash. The character "?" matches any one character except "/". The range notation, e.g.[a-zA-Z], can be used to match one of the characters in a range. See fnmatch(3) and the FNM_PATHNAME flag for a more detailed description.
Two consecutive asterisks ("**") in patterns matched against
full pathname may have special meaning:
-
A leading "
**" followed by a slash means match in all directories. For example, "**/foo" matches file or directory "foo" anywhere, the same as pattern "foo". "**/foo/bar" matches file or directory "bar" anywhere that is directly under directory "foo". -
A trailing "
/**" matches everything inside. For example, "abc/**" matches all files inside directory "abc", relative to the location of the.gitignorefile, with infinite depth. -
A slash followed by two consecutive asterisks then a slash matches zero or more directories. For example, "
a/**/b" matches "a/b", "a/x/b", "a/x/y/b" and so on. -
Other consecutive asterisks are considered regular asterisks and will match according to the previous rules.
CONFIGURATION
The optional configuration variable core.excludesFile indicates a path to a
file containing patterns of file names to exclude, similar to
$GIT_DIR/info/exclude. Patterns in the exclude file are used in addition to
those in $GIT_DIR/info/exclude.
NOTES
The purpose of gitignore files is to ensure that certain files not tracked by Git remain untracked.
To stop tracking a file that is currently tracked, use
git rm --cached to remove the file from the index. The filename
can then be added to the .gitignore file to stop the file from
being reintroduced in later commits.
Git does not follow symbolic links when accessing a .gitignore file in
the working tree. This keeps behavior consistent when the file is
accessed from the index or a tree versus from the filesystem.
EXAMPLES
-
The pattern
hello.*matches any file or directory whose name begins withhello.. If one wants to restrict this only to the directory and not in its subdirectories, one can prepend the pattern with a slash, i.e./hello.*; the pattern now matcheshello.txt,hello.cbut nota/hello.java. -
The pattern
foo/will match a directoryfooand paths underneath it, but will not match a regular file or a symbolic linkfoo(this is consistent with the way how pathspec works in general in Git) -
The pattern
doc/frotzand/doc/frotzhave the same effect in any.gitignorefile. In other words, a leading slash is not relevant if there is already a middle slash in the pattern. -
The pattern
foo/*, matchesfoo/test.json(a regular file),foo/bar(a directory), but it does not matchfoo/bar/hello.c(a regular file), as the asterisk in the pattern does not matchbar/hello.cwhich has a slash in it.
$ git status
[...]
# Untracked files:
[...]
# Documentation/foo.html
# Documentation/gitignore.html
# file.o
# lib.a
# src/internal.o
[...]
$ cat .git/info/exclude
# ignore objects and archives, anywhere in the tree.
*.[oa]
$ cat Documentation/.gitignore
# ignore generated html files,
*.html
# except foo.html which is maintained by hand
!foo.html
$ git status
[...]
# Untracked files:
[...]
# Documentation/foo.html
[...]Another example:
$ cat .gitignore
vmlinux*
$ ls arch/foo/kernel/vm*
arch/foo/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
$ echo '!/vmlinux*' >arch/foo/kernel/.gitignoreThe second .gitignore prevents Git from ignoring
arch/foo/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S.
Example to exclude everything except a specific directory foo/bar
(note the /* - without the slash, the wildcard would also exclude
everything within foo/bar):
$ cat .gitignore
# exclude everything except directory foo/bar
/*
!/foo
/foo/*
!/foo/barSEE ALSO
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite